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retirement at age 67

S and saw it coming. And following the economic crisis, but from much earlier and due to the progressive aging of the English population: Congress of Representatives has just given its approval to delay the retirement age. And we have had to wait long to hear from any member of the ruling party praising the benefits to body and mind to stay active until late in the workforce.

I will not enter the debate about whether it is necessary to carry out the delay, but when I see some guys went to early fifties, retired prematurely, do weights in the gym, I go into some reasonable doubt, both on that need and on the health benefits of a long working life targeted by Jesus Caldera. As I am a psychologist and not an economist, I'll just refer to these alleged health benefits.

At first glance, it seems surprising that the former minister's statement is based on activity theory, developed by Havighurst and Albrecht in 1953, which supports the idea that the tasks and performance of social roles and leads to better interpersonal adjustment to old age, which would be more healthy and satisfying. And, from a study conducted on a sample of subjects over 65 years, these researchers concluded that people who engage in more activities showed more feelings of happiness and satisfaction and were better adapted to the stage. Subsequent studies have also found that the decrease in activities with age is accompanied by a decline in life satisfaction. Thus, according to this theory, an active lifestyle full of roles, including work-keep the older person more suitable and healthy, so that retirement could have a negative impact on health and welfare of the retiree.

What do you think? Not that the current labor minister had commissioned studies right? However, there are also studies that find different results, as we did in the United States by Cumming and Henry (1961) over 275 people and led them to formulate the theory of decoupling . According to this theory, adaptation to aging would require a gradual disengagement of the roles played throughout his life, sustained social relationships or activities. Therefore, the factor that determine the well-being in old age would be the separation of social context. In light of this theory, contribute to a better retirement age, since it involves the abandonment of the role and practice.

Although the two previous theories may seem contradictory at first glance, are actually rather complementary. While involvement in activities can be beneficial for the older person, it is also true that not all activities are equally favorable. Thus, those that are motivating to the subject, which are informal, low stress generated and incurred in the company of other people are actually more beneficial to who makes them. Therefore, even if the person is retired if it maintains a strong involvement in leisure activities may have a good adaptation to the withdrawal of working life and old age. The opposite could be said are activities that are stressful and not very motivating, as are a large part of the professional activities that develop many.

I'm not surprised that most studies find that people in retirement to maintain or even increase their levels of health and welfare. And is that the image of retired and bored and inactive form of the past, because today our biggest engage in a significant number of recreational activities do to stay healthy and happy. Therefore, we could tell our leaders: "Do not do to entertain us and keep active. And we seek something. "

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crisis as defining moment for some young

l E personal development shows some continuity over the life of many people, especially once the teenage years. However, events sometimes arise that can actually change the evolutionary path of groups of individuals. This is turning (turning points) that involve a change in the course of life, and are caused by external social conditions. The term "turning point" was first used by Glen Elder in 1986 to refer to the positive impact that joining the U.S. military had for many young people who were "children of the Great Depression." In the longitudinal study conducted in California with children from disadvantaged families during the 30 had been hard hit by the economic crisis hit the country, Elder found that Most of these children became adults and unsuccessful problem (drugs, antisocial behavior, family conflicts, unemployment ...) because of the multiple deprivations that surrounded their lives. However, there was a group of boys who mocked this fate: they were those who voluntarily joined the army of his country when it started the Korean War.

guess an expression of surprise and disbelief among some readers, but it was. And although it may seem paradoxical, stay in the army these young people away from a family and social context largely ignored and a dearth of opportunities and resources. In however, allowed to defer some important decisions, such as a family, and opened the door to new opportunities such as vocational training to acquire them was very useful when, later joined the civilian world. In short, this experience was very positive effects on the lives of these adults who were able to dribble the destination hardships that awaited them.

This "turning point" can be applied to different situations, and not always the life course change for the better, as I describe below.

In our country the transition from the XX and XXI century was marked by some bonanza economic and high demand for labor in certain sectors such as construction. It was not surprising that many young people leave school prematurely lured by the "siren song" that have meant the end of the month a good salary to which substantially improve their standard of living. However, after several years of good living, these young people with little education saw their lives changed dramatically when they lost their jobs because of the economic crisis hit hard in construction. Without jobs or training, these young adults are not very promising future awaits, for his early withdrawal from studies were placed in a position extreme vulnerability to access the labor market in very low hours. However, I hope to be a bad prophet, and my prediction is as inaccurate as the predictions of Nostradamus.

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The hidden language of the childhood memories of loving ways

T ll have memories of our childhood, the games that amused us, our fears, the school where we go, friends and close companions, but especially our parents. Recall more or less detail his care, his love, his advice, his scolding and punishment. However, somewhat surprisingly, these memories can offer us much information about model or type of attachment constructed in childhood.

When it comes to children, the best way to assess the type of attachment is by observing the child's behavior, especially in relation to their primary caregiver, in experimental situations. However, adolescents and adults with this method is no longer useful, and the procedures are designed to evaluate the model or mental representation of attachment, built from interactions with parents during childhood.

The method used by researchers is the Adult Attachment Interview (Adult Attachment Interview, AAI), a semistructured interview about relations with parents, which takes into account not only the content of the experiences reported, but also its coherence or emotional tone.

Individuals with secure attachment memories tend to show consistent and credible, whether they are positive or negative, highly value the importance of relationships with their parents and have some degree of awareness of how these relationships have been affected by them. Subjects inseguros

avoidant or self, that is, those who tend to avoid emotional commitment, however, show a greater inconsistency in his speech and a significant lack of basic information about these relationships, as well as negating the impact of difficult childhood experiences have had on them. Also often present very idealized versions of their attachment figures and / or downplay his relationship with them and also the emotional tone of his story is very cold.

Finally, those with insecure attachment ambivalent / preoccupied, namely those shown insecure and jealous in her relationships, tend to describe their parents or caregivers with a complete lack of sense of balance or perspective, so that can be very lengthy and detailed with respect to a trivial matter or event, while not able to reflect in his speech the way these children can haberles relations affected. His speech also tends to show a high emotional charge.

Well, our childhood experiences were far behind, but left us a sediment emotional influences how we relate to others, and who reveals himself in the memories that come from so far away.